• Ottoman Empire begins 1299, ends with the emergence of Kemal Ataturk which brings its
remnants into a secularized democracy
• Ottomans used ideological legitimacy, derived from Islam, to maintain a longstanding
apparatus of power through tax payments and military service
• State-organized education had the primary purpose of educating personnel for this
apparatus of power
• The educational system was neither strongly centralized nor monolithic: given the number
of disparate provinces, considerable variation and divergent educational systems existed
• Generally speaking Sibyan schools (primary level) had a moral/religious focus and were
staffed by imams and Madrasahs ( secondary level) had a combination of religious and
scientific instruction
• Graduates from the Madrasahs became civil servants, imams and teachers, although another
source of state servants came from Enderun schools, which inculated non-Muslim children
in Islam
• Rural populations could not benefit from these schools and so a religious educational
network existed there: dervish lodges, religious orders and dergah (sufi brotherhood)
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